cRETENSES, ANTECEDENTE DE LA gRECIA aNTIGUA

La Civilización Cretense: el pueblo del comercio y de la paz

Los antiguos habitantes de la Península de los Balcanes fueron conquistados tras las invasiones de pueblos como los dorios y los aqueos, de origen indoeuropeo. De modo que los griegos son el resultado de una mezcla de pueblos unidos por sus múltiples tradiciones y costumbres, como por ejemplo, una sociedad organizada en torno a la Polis (sociedad urbana), una fuerte tradición agrícola, la mitología y la religión (creencia en un panteón divino compuesto por muchos dioses), la escritura, la lengua, el tipo de organización política y los juegos olímpicos. Pero también destaca una historia común. Su más importante legado, su cultura marítima, proviene de la cultura cretense.

Los cretenses fueron expertos navegantes, llegando a dominar las rutas de navegación en el mar Mediterráneo oriental; exportando telas, cerámicas, vinos, armas, joyas y utensilios de metal a Egipto, Asia Menor y a la península de los Balcanes. Importaban estaño, cobre, oro, plata y marfil. Fueron una sociedad pacífica, y gracias a su condición de territorio insular y aislado, no temían ser invadidos. Sus palacios no tenían fortificaciones y su cultura disfrutaba de la prosperidad que le proporcionaba la paz. Su arte denota el amor a la vida y el aprecio por la naturaleza.

La sociedad cretense se basaba en el comercio y en el trabajo agrícola (frutas, vid y olivo) y artesanal (alfarería y metalurgia). En la cúspide de la sociedad se encontraba el rey, que organizaba la administración y los tributos. Su mayor esplendor fue alcanzado hacia el 1.700 a.C., para más tarde encontrar un final trágico hacia el 1.600 a.C., aparentemente por los estragos de un gran terremoto. El poder de Creta radicaba en el comercio y el dominio de las rutas comerciales marítimas.

Los griegos conocieron a los cretenses a través de las relaciones comerciales que establecieron con ellos, experiencia que los llevó a admirar su cultura y a aspirar a dominarla, lo que finalmente lograron alrededor del año 1450 a.C., cuando conquistaron la isla.

De la combinación de ambos surgió la sociedad micénica, que se desarrolló entre los años 1500 y 1000 a.C., en torno a la ciudad de mecenas, centro de riqueza por su alfarería, joyas y armas. Como ésta era una sociedad eminentemente guerrera, extendieron rápidamente sus dominios hacia el centro y sur de Grecia. Poseían un orden monárquico, encabezado por el rey o wanax, y múltiples príncipes o basileus, quienes habitaban en palacios fortificados, precavidos ante una invasión.

Comerciaron con Sicilia, Rodas, Chipre y las costas de Asia Menor, importando ámbar, marfil, estaño y cobre. Con el fin de mantener su predominio comercial en el Mediterráneo, invadieron Creta e intentaron adoptar su cultura. Para poder controlar la comunicación entre el mar Egeo y el Mar Negro, destruyeron la ciudad de Troya en el Asia Menor, región rica en la producción de metales.

Hacia el 1.200 a.C., los Dorios, pueblos de origen indoeuropeo invadió esta región gracias a sus habilidades militares como el combate a caballo utilizando lanzas de hierro, causando el derrumbe del mundo Micénico. La población horrorizada por el ataque de los dorios y por la destrucción de las ciudades, se dirigió a las costas de Asia Menor formando la Grecia Asiática, estableciendo tres zonas: Eólica, Jónica y Dórida. Los que se quedaron en la península, se convirtieron en campesinos casi esclavos y comerciantes sin privilegios.

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